Institutional voids—the absence or weakness of market-supporting institutions such as legal systems, financial intermediaries, logistics infrastructure, and information providers—pose significant challenges for firms operating in emerging and frontier markets. These voids fundamentally alter how marketing activities are designed, executed, and evaluated. This article develops a comprehensive conceptual analysis of how institutional voids shape marketing adaptation strategies across product design, pricing, distribution, promotion, and relationship management. Drawing on institutional theory, international marketing, and base-of-the-pyramid research, the study proposes a multi-level framework linking macro-institutional conditions to firm-level marketing responses. The article synthesizes prior empirical and conceptual studies to identify key types of institutional voids and corresponding adaptive marketing strategies, including frugal innovation, relational contracting, hybrid distribution systems, and trust-based branding. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed, emphasizing ethical adaptation, digital leapfrogging, and ecosystem-building as pathways to sustainable growth.
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